MASTERCAM TUTORIAL 2

http://youtu.be/9F9N6q3KoDc

MASTERCAM TUTORIAL 2

G CODES AND M CODES CNC MACHINES

      G CODES AND M CODES FOR CNC MILLING AND TURNING

G00 = Rapid linear move example: G00 X## Y## Z## (X,Y,Z = position)

G01 = Feed linear move example: G01 F## X## Y## Z## (F=feedrate to move at)

G02 = Circular move CW example: G02 X## Y## I## J## (XY=end point, IJ=center point)

G02 = Circular move CW example: G02 X## Y## R±## (R=size of radius arc to swing.  R+ if radius < 180°, R- if radius is > 180°)

G03 = Circular move CCW example: G03 X## Y## I## J## (XY=end point, IJ=center point)

G03 = Circular move CCW example: G03 X## Y## R±## (R=size of arc radius to swing.  R+ if radius < 180°, R- if radius is > 180°)

G04 = Dwell time example: G04 P## (P=time to dwell. P20000 is 2 seconds)

G10 = Zero offset shift example: G10 X## Y## Z##(X=shift dist. Y=shift dist. Z=shift dist.)

G11 = Zero offset shift cancel example: G11

G17 = Contour plane is XY (Z = spindle) example: G17

G18 = Contour plane is ZX (Y = spindle) example: G18

G19 = Contour plane is YZ (X = spindle) example: G19

G20 = Inch mode (G70 on older controls) example: G20

G21 = MM mode (G71 on older controls) example: G21

G28 = Return to reference point example: G0 G91 G28 X## Y## Z##  (Go to machine XYZ home,passing thru XYZ incremental zero)

G29 = Return from reference point example: G0 G90 G29 X## Y## Z##  (Go to this XYZ position, returning from home)

G30 = Return to 2nd, 3rd (ect..) reference point example: Similar to G28

G40 = Cutter (dia.or rad.) compensation off example: G40 X## Y##

G41 = Cutter compensation to the left of the programmed path example: G40 X## Y##

G42 = Cutter compensation to the right of the programmed path example: G40 X## Y##

G43 = Tool length compensation with spindle approach from + side example: G43 H## Z##

G44 = Tool length compensation with spindle approach from - side example: G44 H## Z##

G49 = Tool length compensation cancel example: G49

G45 = Increase end position by tool offset value example: G45 X## D## (Go to X position, plus offset value in D##)

G46 = Decrease end position by tool offset value example: G46 X## D## (Go to X position, less offset value in D##)

G47 = Increase end position by twice the offset value example: G47 X## D## (Go to X position, plus 2x the offset value)

G48 = Decrease end position by twice the offset value example: G48 X## D## (Go to X position, less 2x the offset value)

G53 = Coordinate system referenced from machine home example: G53 X## Y## Z##  (Go to this XYZ position referenced from machine home)

G54 = Work coordinate shift,offset #1 example: G54 X## Y## Z##  (Go to this XYZ position referenced from WCS #1)

G55 - G59 = Work coordinate shift,offset G55-G59 example: G5# X## Y## Z## (Go to this XYZ position referenced from WCS G55-G59)

G09 = Exact stop positioning move example: G09 F## X## Y## Z## (active for single block only)

G61 = Exact stop cutting mode example: G61 X## Y## Z## (Decelerated at point XYZ, before next move)

G64 = Exact stop mode off example: G64 X## Y## Z## (Tool is not decelerated at point XYZ)

G63 = Feed overide lock out example: G63 X## Y## Z##

G62 = Feed compensation on inner corner example: G62 G02 X## Y## I## J##

G81 = Basic drilling cycle - Feed in , rapid out. example: G81 X## Y## Z## R## F##

G82 = Counter bore cycle - Feed in, dwell, rapid out. example: G82 X## Y## Z## R## F## P####

G83 = Peck drilling cycle - Feed in peck amount, rapid out, rapid in within .050 of last peck & repeat until depth is reached. example: G83 X## Y## Z## R## F## Q##

G84 = Tapping cycle - Feed in, spindle stop, reverse, feed out. (note: this cycle will vary depending on the machine mfgr.) example: G84 X## Y## Z## R## F##

G85, G86, G87, G88, G89 = Boring cycles. Function & imput will vary depending on the machine mfgr.  Variations include.... Feed in, feed out. Feed in, dwell, feed out. Feed in, dwell, spindle stop, rapid out. Feed in, dwell, spindle stop, move insert from wall, rapid out. Rapid in, dwell, start spindle, feed up, dwell, rapid down, dwell (reverse counter boring, back facing, back boring cycle).

G90 = Absolute coordinate positioning. Points based from XYZ zero. example: G90 G00 X## Y## Z##

G91 = Incremental coordinate positioning. Point to point positioning. example: G91 G00 X## Y## Z##

G92 = Absolute Zero Pre-Set - An old format used to set XYZ Zero. The current position is set to the values shown in the line. example: G92 X10 Y5 Z-3 After running this command the current position is X10 Y5 Z-3. Very strange way to shift zero's. Avoid this code if you can.

G94 = Feedrate is read as Inches/Minute. Used mostly for milling. example:  G94  G01 X## Y## Z## F##

G95 = Feedrate is read as Inches/revolution. Used mostly for turning. example:  G95 G01 X## Y## Z## F##.###

G96 = Constant surface speed (CSS) control (lathe). Increases the RPM as the tool moved closer to the center line of the part (smaller diameter). This keeps the amount of material (chip load) moving past the tip of the tool constant for and improved tool load, tool wear and surface finish. In the example below, the control will do an internal calculation to keep the tool moving at 200 surface feed/second. example: G96 S200

G97 = The opposite of constant surface speed control (G96). example: G97

G98 = Retract the tool to the starting Z height when drilling. Used for high retrect clearance moved between drilled holes. Assume Z is currently at Z+1.0.  Running the line below will rapid to the R plane, drill to the Z depth and return to the starting height of Z+1.00 when the cycle is finished. example: G98 G81 X## Y## Z-.875 R.100 F##

G99 = Retract the tool to the R plane when the drilling cycle is finished. Regardless of the starting height, the tool will return to Z.100 (the Rplane shown below). example: G99 G81 X## Y## Z-.875 R.100 F##

M-Function Codes 
 

M00 = Program stop

M01 = Optional program stop

M02 = End of program (no rewind or return to start of program)

M03 = Start the spindle in the forward direction (CW)

M04 = Start the spindle in the reverse direction (CCW)

M05 = Stop the spindle / Spindle off.

M06 = Tool change command

M07 = Coolant on mist

M08 = Coolant on flood

M09 = Coolant off

M13 = Spindle on forward, coolant on

M14 = Spindle on reverse, coolant on

M15 = Spindle off, coolant off

M19 = Spindle orientation on. Used to locate the tool tip position for boring tools. Sometimes output with a value that represents the angle of the tool tip orientation.

M20 = Spindle orientation off

M30 = End of program (rewind/return to start of program)

M98 = Call sub program

M99 = Sub program end

Not all of these M Functions work on all machines.

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what you mean by cnc? simple answer to all

What Is CNC?

CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control and has been around since the early 1970's. Prior to this, it was called NC, for Numerical Control. (In the early 1970's computers were introduced to these controls, hence the name change.)

While people in most walks of life have never heard of this term, CNC has touched almost every form of manufacturing process in one way or another. If you'll be working in manufacturing, it's likely that you'll be dealing with CNC on a regular basis.

Before CNC

While there are exceptions to this statement, CNC machines typically replace (or work in conjunction with) some existing manufacturing process/es. Take one of the simplest manufacturing processes, drilling holes, for example.

A drill press can of course be used to machine holes. (It's likely that almost everyone has seen some form of drill press, even if you don't work in manufacturing.) A person can place a drill in the drill chuck that is secured in the spindle of the drill press. They can then (manually) select the desired speed for rotation (commonly by switching belt pulleys), and activate the spindle. Then they manually pull on the quill lever to drive the drill into the workpiece being machined.

As you can easily see, there is a lot of manual intervention required to use a drill press to drill holes. A person is required to do something almost every step along the way! While this manual intervention may be acceptable for manufacturing companies if but a small number of holes or workpieces must be machined, as quantities grow, so does the likelihood for fatigue due to the tediousness of the operation. And do note that we've used one of the simplest machining operations (drilling) for our example. There are more complicated machining operations that would require a much higher skill level (and increase the potential for mistakes resulting in scrap workpieces) of the person running the conventional machine tool. (We commonly refer to the style of machine that CNC is replacing as theconventional machine.)

By comparison, the CNC equivalent for a drill press (possibly a CNC machining center or CNC drilling & tapping center) can be programmed to perform this operation in a much more automatic fashion. Everything that the drill press operator was doing manually will now be done by the CNC machine, including: placing the drill in the spindle, activating the spindle, positioning the workpiece under the drill, machining the hole, and turning off the spindle.

How CNC works

There is another article included in this web site called The Basics of CNCthat explains how to program, setup, and operate CNC machines in greater detail. Additionally, we offer a series of products aimed at helping you learn how to use CNC machines. Here we're relating how CNC works in very general terms.

As you might already have guessed, everything that an operator would be required to do with conventional machine tools is programmable with CNC machines. Once the machine is setup and running, a CNC machine is quite simple to keep running. In fact CNC operators tend to get quite bored during lengthy production runs because there is so little to do. With some CNC machines, even the workpiece loading process has been automated. (We don't mean to over-simplify here. CNC operators are commonly required to do other things related to the CNC operation like measuring workpieces and making adjustments to keep the CNC machine running good workpieces.)

Let's look at some of the specific programmable functions.

Motion control

All CNC machine types share this commonality: They all have two or more programmable directions of motion called axes. An axis of motion can be linear (along a straight line) or rotary (along a circular path). One of the first specifications that implies a CNC machine's complexity is how many axes it has. Generally speaking, the more axes, the more complex the machine.

The axes of any CNC machine are required for the purpose of causing the motions needed for the manufacturing process. In the drilling example, these (3) axis would position the tool over the hole to be machined (in two axes) and machine the hole (with the third axis). Axes are named with letters. Common linear axis names are X, Y, and Z. Common rotary axis names are A, B, and C.

Programmable accessories

A CNC machine wouldn't be very helpful if all it could only move the workpiece in two or more axes. Almost all CNC machines are programmable in several other ways. The specific CNC machine type has a lot to do with its appropriate programmable accessories. Again, any required function will be programmable on full-blown CNC machine tools. Here are some examples for one machine type.

Machining centers

Automatic tool changer

Most machining centers can hold many tools in a tool magazine. When required, the required tool can be automatically placed in the spindle for machining.

Spindle speed and activation

The spindle speed (in revolutions per minute) can be easily specified and the spindle can be turned on in a forward or reverse direction. It can also, of course, be turned off.

Coolant

Many machining operations require coolant for lubrication and cooling purposes. Coolant can be turned on and off from within the machine cycle.

The CNC program

Think of giving any series of step-by-step instructions. A CNC program is nothing more than another kind of instruction set. It's written in sentence-like format and the control will execute it in sequential order, step by step.

A special series of CNC words are used to communicate what the machine is intended to do. CNC words begin with letter addresses (like F for feedrate, S for spindle speed, and X, Y & Z for axis motion). When placed together in a logical method, a group of CNC words make up a commandthat resemble a sentence.

For any given CNC machine type, there will only be about 40-50 words used on a regular basis. So if you compare learning to write CNC programs to learning a foreign language having only 50 words, it shouldn't seem overly difficult to learn CNC programming.

The CNC control

The CNC control will interpret a CNC program and activate the series of commands in sequential order. As it reads the program, the CNC control will activate the appropriate machine functions, cause axis motion, and in general, follow the instructions given in the program.

Along with interpreting the CNC program, the CNC control has several other purposes. All current model CNC controls allow programs to be modified (edited) if mistakes are found. The CNC control allows special verification functions (like dry run) to confirm the correctness of the CNC program. The CNC control allows certain important operator inputs to be specified separate from the program, like tool length values. In general, the CNC control allows all functions of the machine to be manipulated.

What is a CAM system?

For simple applications (like drilling holes), the CNC program can be developed manually. That is, a programmer will sit down to write the program armed only with pencil, paper, and calculator. Again, for simple applications, this may be the very best way to develop CNC programs.

As applications get more complicated, and especially when new programs are required on a regular basis, writing programs manually becomes much more difficult. To simplify the programming process, a computer aided manufacturing (CAM) system can be used. A CAM system is a software program that runs on a computer (commonly a PC) that helps the CNC programmer with the programming process. Generally speaking, a CAM system will take the tediousness and drudgery out of programming.

In many companies the CAM system will work with the computer aided design (CAD) drawing developed by the company's design engineering department. This eliminates the need for redefining the workpiece configuration to the CAM system. The CNC programmer will simply specify the machining operations to be performed and the CAM system will create the CNC program (much like the manual programmer would have written) automatically.

What is a DNC system?

Once the program is developed (either manually or with a CAM system), it must be loaded into the CNC control. Though the setup person could type the program right into the control, this would be like using the CNC machine as a very expensive typewriter. If the CNC program is developed with the help of a CAM system, then it is already in the form of a text file . If the program is written manually, it can be typed into any computer using a common word processor (though most companies use a special CNC text editor for this purpose). Either way, the program is in the form of a text file that can be transferred right into the CNC machine. A distributive numerical control (DNC) system is used for this purpose.

A DNC system is nothing more than a computer that is networked with one or more CNC machines. Until only recently, rather crude serial communications protocol (RS-232c) had to be used for transferring programs. Newer controls have more current communications capabilities and can be networked in more conventional ways (Ethernet, etc.). Regardless of methods, the CNC program must of course be loaded into the CNC machine before it can be run.

Types of CNC machines

As stated, CNC has touched almost every facet of manufacturing. Many machining processes have been improved and enhanced through the use of CNC. Let's look at some of the specific fields and place the emphasis on the manufacturing processes enhanced by CNC machine usage.

In the metal removal industry:

Machining processes that have traditionally been done on conventional machine tools that are possible (and in some cases improved) with CNC machining centers include all kinds of milling (face milling, contour milling, slot milling, etc.), drilling, tapping, reaming, boring, and counter boring.

In similar fashion, all kinds of turning operations like facing, boring, turning, grooving, knurling, and threading are done on CNC turning centers.

There are all kinds of special "off-shoots" of these two machine types including CNC milling machines, CNC drill and tap centers, and CNC lathes.

Grinding operations of all kinds like outside diameter (OD) grinding and internal diameter (ID) grinding are also being done on CNC grinders. CNC has even opened up a new technology when it comes to grinding. Contour grinding (grinding a contour in a similar fashion to turning), which was previously infeasible due to technology constraints is now possible (almost commonplace) with CNC grinders.

In the metal fabrication industry:

In manufacturing terms, fabrication commonly refers to operations that are performed on relatively thin plates. Think of a metal filing cabinet. All of the primary components are made of steel sheets. These sheets are sheared to size, holes are punched in appropriate places, and the sheets are bent (formed) to their final shapes. Again, operations commonly described as fabrication operations include shearing, flame or plasma cutting, punching, laser cutting, forming, and welding. Truly, CNC is heavily involved in almost every facet of fabrication.

CNC back gages are commonly used with shearing machines to control the length of the plate being sheared. CNC lasers and CNC plasma cutters are also used to bring plates to their final shapes. CNC turret punch presses can hold a variety of punch-and-die combinations and punch holes in all shapes and sizes through plates. CNC press brakes are used to bend the plates into their final shapes.

In the electrical discharge machining industry:

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is the process of removing metal through the use of electrical sparks which burn away the metal. CNC EDM comes in two forms, vertical EDM and Wire EDM. Vertical EDM requires the use of an electrode (commonly machined on a CNC machining center) that is of the shape of the cavity to be machined into the workpiece. Picture the shape of a plastic bottle that must be machined into a mold. Wire EDM is commonly used to make punch and die combinations for dies sets used in the fabrication industry. EDM is one of the lesser known CNC operations because it is so closely related to making tooling used with other manufacturing processes.

In the woodworking industry

As in the metal removal industry, CNC machines are heavily used in woodworking shops. Operations include routing (similar to milling) and drilling. Many woodworking machining centers are available that can hold several tools and perform several operations on the workpiece being machined.

Other types of CNC machines

Many forms of lettering and engraving systems use CNC technology. Waterjet machining uses a high pressure water jet stream to cut through plates of material. CNC is even used in the manufacturing of many electrical components. For example, there are CNC coil winders, and CNC terminal location and soldering machines.

Job opportunities related to CNC

There is quite a shortage of skilled people to utilize CNC machines. And the shortage is growing. Everywhere I go I hear manufacturing people claiming that they cannot find skilled people. Unfortunately, it has also been my experience that pay scales have not yet reflected this shortage. Even so, you can make a good wage and develop a rewarding career working with CNC machines. Here are some of the job titles of people working with CNC machine tools.

Working for manufacturing companies:

CNC helpers

CNC tool setters

CNC operators

CNC setup people

CNC programmers

CAM system programmers

CNC maintenance personnel

Working for companies that sell CNC machines

CNC service technicians

CNC applications engineers

CNC instructors

Working for schools

CNC instructors

useful charts for cnc machining

Here we giving some useful charts for daily machining.Keep in your library as daily tips:All the dimensions in metric.
              ALL METRIC TAP HOLE'S COUNTER BORE SIZE:

METRIC SOCKET-HEAD CAP SCREWS
SCREW DIA	COUNTERBORE DIA	COUNTERBORE DEPTH	COUNTERSINK DIA	CLEARANCE DIA (NORMAL FIT)	CLEARANCE DIA (CLOSE FIT)
M1,6	3,50mm	1,6mm	2,0mm	1,95mm	1,80mm
M2	4,40mm	2mm	2,6mm	2,40mm	2,20mm
M2,5	5,40mm	2,5mm	3,1mm	3,00mm	2,70mm
M3	6,50mm	3mm	3,6mm	3,70mm	3,40mm
M4	8,25mm	4mm	4,7mm	4,80mm	4,40mm
M5	9,75mm	5mm	5,7mm	5,80mm	5,40mm
M6	11,20mm	6mm	6,8mm	6,80mm	6,40mm
M8	14,50mm	8mm	9,2mm	8,80mm	8,40mm
M10	17,50mm	10mm	11,2mm	10,80mm	10,50mm
M12	19,50mm	12mm	14,2mm	13,00mm	12,50mm
M14	22,50mm	14mm	16,2mm	15,00mm	14,50mm
M16	25,50mm	16mm	18,2mm	17,00mm	16,50mm
M20	31,50mm	20mm	22,4mm	21,00mm	20,50mm
M24	37,50mm	24mm	26,4mm	25,00mm	24,50mm
M30	47,50mm	30mm	33,4mm	31,50mm	31,00mm
M36	56,50mm	36mm	39,4mm	37,50mm	37,00mm
M42	66,00mm	42mm	45,6mm	44,00mm	43,00mm
M48	75,00mm	28mm	52,6mm	50,00mm	49,00mm

TAP HOLE FOR DRILLING:

METRIC COARSE SIZES ---------------------------- TAP DRILL SIZE SIZE ---------------------------- 1mm x .25 .75mm 1.1 x .25 .85 1.2 x .25 .95 1.4 x .3 1.1 1.6 x .35 1.25 1.7 x .35 1.3 1.8 x .35 1.45 2 x .4 1.6 2.2 x .45 1.75 2.5 x .45 2.05 3 x .5 2.5 3.5 x .6 2.9 4 x .7 3.3 4.5 x .75 3.7 5 x .8 4.2 6 x 1 5 7 x 1 6 8 x 1.25 6.8 9 x 1.25 7.8 10 x 1.5 8.5 11 x 1.5 9.5 12 x 1.75 10.2 14 x 2 12 16 x 2 14 18 x 2.5 15.5 20 x 2.5 17.5 22 x 2.5 19.5 24 x 3 21 27 x 3 24 30 x 3.5 26.5 33 x 3.5 29.5 36 x 4 32 39 x 4 35 ----------------------------

METRIC FINE SIZES ---------------------------- TAP DRILL SIZE SIZE ---------------------------- 4 mm x .35 3.6mm 4 x .5 3.5 5 x .5 4.5 6 x .5 5.5 6 x .75 5.25 7 x .75 6.25 8 x .5 7.5 8 x .75 7.25 8 x 1 7 9 x 1 8 10 x .75 9.25 10 x 1 9 10 x 1.25 8.8 11 x 1 10 12 x .75 11.25 12 x 1 11 12 x 1.5 10.5 14 x 1 13 14 x 1.25 12.8 14 x 1.5 12.5 16 x 1 15 16 x 1.5 14.5 18 x 1 17 18 x 2 16 20 x 1 19 20 x 1.5 18.5 20 x 2 18 22 x 1 21 22 x 1.5 20.5 22 x 2 20 24 x 1.5 22.5 24 x 2 22 26 x 1.5 24.5 27 x 1.5 25.5 27 x 2 25 28 x 1.5 26.5 30 x 1.5 28.5 30 x 2 28 33 x 2 31 36 x 3 33 39 x 3 36

cnc milling programming samples

cnc drilling programming sample


O0091(EVERY PROGRAM MUST START WITH O)

G21G17G40G49G69G80G90;(G17-XY PLANE SELECTION,G21-METRIC INPUT,G40-CUTTER COMPENSATION CANCEL G69-ROTATION CANCEL,G80-PECK CYCLE CANCEL,G90-ABSOLUTE DRILLING,;SHOULD ADD ON EVERY LINE)

 M06T02(M06-TOOL CHANGE,T02-TOOL NUMBER)

 G90 G43 H2 Z100.00;(G43-TOOL LENGTH COMPENSATION +)

 G90G54GOO X24.0 Y78.0;(GOO-RAPID MOVEMENT,G54-WORK COORDINATES)

 M03 S2000;(M03-SPINDLE ON CLOCK VISE,S2000-SPINDLE SPEED)

 M08(COOLANT ON)

G90GOO Z 10.0; G98G83X24.0Y78.0Z-10.0Q0.5R2.0F200;(G98-RETRACT TO R LEVEL,G83-DRILLING CYCLE WITH PECK,Z-10:DEPTH OF THE HOLE,Q-PECK DEPTH,R-REFERENCE LEVEL)

X12.00Y89.00;

X23.00Y78.9;

G80 G90 GOO Z100.00;(G80 CYCLE CANCEL)

M05;(SPINDLE STOP)

M09;(COOLANT OFF)

G91G28Z0.0;(GO TO THE REFERENCE POINT)

G91G28X0.0Y0.0; M30;(PROGRAM RESET)